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Lɪᴠɪɴɢ ᴡɪᴛʜᴏᴜᴛ Lᴀᴡ ɪs ʟɪᴠɪɴɢ ᴡɪᴛʜᴏᴜᴛ Fʀᴇᴇᴅᴏᴍ

JAY FANASIA

July 23, 2019

भारत का निर्वाचन आयोग
निर्वाचन आयोग क्या है?
✅ भारत निर्वाचन आयोग, जिसे चुनाव आयोग के नाम से भी जाना जाता है, एक स्वायत्त संवैधानिक निकाय है जो भारत में संघ और राज्य चुनाव प्रक्रियाओं का संचालन करता है।
✅ यह देश में लोकसभा, राज्यसभा, राज्य विधानसभाओं, राष्ट्रपति और उपराष्ट्रपति के चुनाव का संचालन करता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
भारतीय संविधान का भाग 15 चुनावों से संबंधित है जिसमें चुनावों के संचालन के लिये एक आयोग की स्थापना करने की बात कही गई है।चुनाव आयोग की स्थापना 25 जनवरी, 1950 को संविधान के अनुसार की गई थी। संविधान के अनुच्छेद 324 से 329 तक चुनाव आयोग और सदस्यों की शक्तियों, कार्य, कार्यकाल, पात्रता आदि से संबंधित हैं।
संविधान में चुनावों से संबंधित अनुच्छेद
324 चुनाव आयोग में चुनावों के लिये निहित दायित्व: अधीक्षण, निर्देशन और नियंत्रण।
325 धर्म, जाति या लिंग के आधार पर किसी भी व्यक्ति विशेष को मतदाता सूची में शामिल न करने और इनके आधार पर मतदान के लिये अयोग्य नहीं ठहराने का प्रावधान।
326 लोकसभा एवं प्रत्येक राज्य की विधानसभा के लिये निर्वाचन वयस्क मताधिकार के आधार पर होगा।
327 विधायिका द्वारा चुनाव के संबंध में संसद में कानून बनाने की शक्ति।
328 किसी राज्य के विधानमंडल को इसके चुनाव के लिये कानून बनाने की शक्ति।
329 चुनावी मामलों में अदालतों द्वारा हस्तक्षेप करने के लिये बार (BAR)
निर्वाचन आयोग की संरचना
निर्वाचन आयोग में मूलतः केवल एक चुनाव आयुक्त का प्रावधान था, लेकिन राष्ट्रपति की एक अधिसूचना के ज़रिये 16 अक्तूबर, 1989 को इसे तीन सदस्यीय बना दिया गया।इसके बाद कुछ समय के लिये इसे एक सदस्यीय आयोग बना दिया गया और 1 अक्तूबर, 1993 को इसका तीन सदस्यीय आयोग वाला स्वरूप फिर से बहाल कर दिया गया। तब से निर्वाचन आयोग में एक मुख्य चुनाव आयुक्त और दो चुनाव आयुक्त होते हैं।निर्वाचन आयोग का सचिवालय नई दिल्ली में स्थित है।मुख्य निर्वाचन अधिकारी IAS रैंक का अधिकारी होता है, जिसकी नियुक्ति राष्ट्रपति द्वारा की जाती है तथा चुनाव आयुक्तों की नियुक्ति भी राष्ट्रपति ही करता है। इनका कार्यकाल 6 वर्ष या 65 वर्ष की आयु (दोनों में से जो भी पहले हो) तक होता है। इन्हें भारत के सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीशों के समकक्ष दर्जा प्राप्त होता है और समान वेतन एवं भत्ते मिलते हैं।मुख्य चुनाव आयुक्त को संसद द्वारा सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश को हटाने की प्रक्रिया के समान ही पद से हटाया जा सकता है।
हटाने की प्रक्रिया
उच्च न्यायालयों और उच्चतम न्यायालय के न्यायाधीशों, मुख्य चुनाव आयुक्त, नियंत्रक और महालेखा परीक्षक को दुर्व्यवहार या पद के दुरुपयोग का आरोप सिद्ध होने पर या अक्षमता के आधार पर संसद द्वारा अपनाए गए प्रस्ताव के माध्यम से ही पद से हटाया जा सकता है।निष्कासन के लिये दो-तिहाई सदस्यों के विशेष बहुमत की आवश्यकता होती है और इसके लिये सदन के कुल सदस्यों का 50 प्रतिशत से अधिक मतदान होना चाहिये।उपरोक्त पदों से किसी को हटाने के लिये संविधान में ‘महाभियोग’ शब्द का उपयोग नहीं किया गया है।महाभियोग शब्द का प्रयोग केवल राष्ट्रपति को हटाने के लिये किया जाता है जिसके लिये संसद के दोनों सदनों में उपस्थित सदस्यों की कुल संख्या के दो-तिहाई सदस्यों के विशेष बहुमत की आवश्यकता होती है और यह प्रक्रिया किसी अन्य मामले में नहीं अपनाई जाती।
निर्वाचन आयोग के कार्य
चुनाव आयोग भारत में लोकसभा, राज्यसभा, राज्य विधानसभाओं, राष्ट्रपति और उपराष्ट्रपति के चुनाव की संपूर्ण प्रक्रिया का अधीक्षण, निर्देशन और नियंत्रण करता है।इसका सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्य आम चुनाव या उप-चुनाव कराने के लिये समय-समय पर चुनाव कार्यक्रम तय करना है।यह निर्वाचक नामावली (Voter List) तैयार करता है तथा मतदाता पहचान पत्र (EPIC) जारी करता है।यह मतदान एवं मतगणना केंद्रों के लिये स्थान, मतदाताओं के लिये मतदान केंद्र तय करना, मतदान एवं मतगणना केंद्रों में सभी प्रकार की आवश्यक व्यवस्थाएँ और अन्य संबद्ध कार्यों का प्रबंधन करता है।यह राजनीतिक दलों को मान्यता प्रदान करता है उनसे संबंधित विवादों को निपटाने के साथ ही उन्हें चुनाव चिह्न आवंटित करता है।निर्वाचन के बाद अयोग्य ठहराए जाने के मामले में आयोग के पास संसद और राज्य विधानसभाओं के सदस्यों की बैठक हेतु सलाहकार क्षेत्राधिकार भी है।यह राजनीतिक दलों और उम्मीदवारों के लिये चुनाव में ‘आदर्श आचार संहिता’ जारी करता है, ताकि कोई अनुचित कार्य न करे या सत्ता में मौजूद लोगों द्वारा शक्तियों का दुरुपयोग न किया जाए।यह सभी राजनीतिक दलों के लिये प्रति उम्मीदवार चुनाव अभियान खर्च की सीमा निर्धारित करता है और उसकी निगरानी भी करता है।
भारत निर्वाचन आयोग (Election Commission of India) का महत्त्वह वर्ष 1952 से राष्ट्रीय और राज्य स्तर के चुनावों का सफलतापूर्वक संचालन कर रहा है। मतदान में लोगों की अधिक भागीदारी सुनिश्चित करने के लिये सक्रिय भूमिका निभाता है।राजनीतिक दलों को अनुशासित करने का कार्य करता है।संविधान में निहित मूल्यों को मानता है अर्थात चुनाव में समानता, निष्पक्षता, स्वतंत्रता स्थापित करता है।विश्वसनीयता, निष्पक्षता, पारदर्शिता, अखंडता, जवाबदेही, स्वायत्तता और कुशलता के उच्चतम स्तर के साथ चुनाव आयोजित/संचालित करता है।मतदाता-केंद्रित और मतदाता-अनुकूल वातावरण की चुनावी प्रक्रिया में सभी पात्र नागरिकों की भागीदारी सुनिश्चित करता है।चुनावी प्रक्रिया में राजनीतिक दलों और सभी हितधारकों के साथ संलग्न रहता है।हितधारकों, मतदाताओं, राजनीतिक दलों, चुनाव अधिकारियों, उम्मीदवारों के बीच चुनावी प्रक्रिया और चुनावी शासन के बारे में जागरूकता पैदा करता है तथा देश की चुनाव प्रणाली के प्रति लोगों का विश्वास बढ़ाने और उसे मज़बूती प्रदान करने का कार्य करता है।
निर्वाचन आयोग के समक्ष प्रमुख चुनौतियाँ
वर्षों से राजनीति में हिंसा और चुनावी दुर्भावनाओं के साथ कालेधन और आपराधिक तत्त्वों का बोलबाला बढ़ा है और इसके परिणामस्वरूप राजनीति का अपराधीकरण हुआ है। इनसे निपटना निर्वाचन आयोग के लिये एक बड़ी चुनौती है।राज्यों की सरकारों द्वारा सत्ता का बड़े पैमाने पर दुरुपयोग किया जाता है, जिसके तहत कई बार चुनावों से पहले बड़े पैमाने पर प्रमुख पदों पर तैनात योग्य अधिकारियों का स्थानांतरण कर दिया जाता है।चुनाव के लिये सरकारी वाहनों और भवनों का उपयोग कर निर्वाचन आयोग की आदर्श आचार संहिता का उल्लंघन किया जाता है।निर्वाचन आयोग के पास राजनीतिक दलों को विनियमित करने के लिये पर्याप्त शक्तियाँ नहीं हैं।किसी राजनीतिक दल के आंतरिक लोकतंत्र और पार्टी के वित्तीय विनियमन को सुनिश्चित करने की भी कोई शक्ति निर्वाचन आयोग के पास नहीं है।हालिया वर्षों में निर्वाचन आयोग की निष्पक्षता पर भी सवाल खड़े होने लगे हैं और यह धारणा ज़ोर पकड़ रही है कि चुनाव आयोग कार्यपालिका के दबाव में काम कर रहा है।मुख्य चुनाव आयुक्त और अन्य दो आयुक्तों के चुनाव में प्रमुख संस्थागत कमियों में से एक है कम पारदर्शिता का होना, क्योंकि इनका चयन मौज़ूदा सरकार की पसंद पर आधारित होता है।इसके अलावा EVM में खराबी, हैक होने और वोट दर्ज न होने जैसे आरोपों से भी निर्वाचन आयोग के प्रति आम जनता के विश्वास में कमी आती है।वर्तमान समय में सत्ताधारी दल के पक्ष में निचले स्तर पर नौकरशाही की मिलीभगत के खिलाफ सतर्क रहने की आयोग के सामने बड़ी चुनौती है।आयोग के जनादेश और जनादेश का समर्थन करने वाली प्रक्रियाओं को और अधिक कानूनी समर्थन प्रदान करने की आवश्यकता है।नैतिकता सुनिश्चित करने के लिये आवश्यक है कि सक्षम और योग्य व्यक्ति उच्च पदों का दायित्व संभालें।निर्वाचन आयोग की निष्पक्षता सुनिश्चित करने के लिये द्वितीय प्रशासनिक सुधार आयोग की रिपोर्ट में सिफारिश की गई थी कि लोकसभा अध्यक्ष, लोकसभा में विपक्ष के नेता, कानून मंत्री और राज्यसभा के उपाध्यक्ष के साथ प्रधानमंत्री की अध्यक्षता में बना कॉलेजियम मुख्य चुनाव आयुक्त और चुनाव आयुक्तों की नियुक्ति के लिये राष्ट्रपति के समक्ष नाम प्रस्तावित करे।
♦️भारत के प्रथम चुनाव आयुक्त सुकुमार सेन थे।
♦️वर्तमान में सुनील अरोड़ा मुख्य चुनाव आयुक्त हैं जबकि अशोक लवासा और सुशील चंद्रा चुनाव आयुक्त के पद पर कार्यरत हैं।

July 17, 2019




2.   SECONDARYEVIDENCE  click

3.  65B.Admissibility of electronic records:  click


This Act may be called the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
2It extends to the whole of India [Except the State of Jammu and Kashmir] and applies to all judicial proceedings in or before any Court, including Courts-martial, 4[other than Courts-martial convened under the Army Act.,] (44 & 45 Vict., c.58) 5[the Naval Discipline Act (29 & 30 Vict., c 109) or 6[***] the Indian Navy (Discipline) Act. 19347] (34 of 1934) 8[or the Air Force Act] 7 Geo. 5, c. 51) but not to affidavits presented to any Court to any Court or Officer, not to proceedings before an arbitrator

And it shall come into force on the first day of September, 1872.


more details  click






July 16, 2019

The Model Tenancy Act, 2019

All You Want To Know About The Model Tenancy Act 2019

 

 

Model Tenancy Act (MTA) to Promote Growth of Rental Housing Segment by Regulating Renting of Premises 


To Balance Interests of Owner & Tenant by Establishing Adjudicating Mechanism for Speedy Dispute Redressal Draft Model Tenancy Act (MTA), 2019 Issued for Seeking Comments from Public/Stakeholders 

MTA stipulates a robust grievance redressal mechanism comprising of Rent Authority, Rent Court and Rent Tribunal.

It has been proposed to cap the security deposit equal to a maximum of two month’s rent in case of residential properties and, minimum of one month’s rent in case of non-residential property.

After coming into force of this Act, no person shall let or take on rent any premises except by an agreement in writing.The Model Act provides for its applicability for the whole of the State i.e. urban as well as rural areas in the State.

Within two months of executing rental agreement both landowner and tenant are required to intimate to the Rent Authority about the agreement and within seven days a unique identification number will be issued by the Rent Authority to the both the parties.A digital platform will be set up in the local vernacular language of the State for submitting tenancy agreement and other documents.

The copy of the draft Model Tenancy Act, 2019 has been uploaded on the website of this Ministry (http://mohua.gov.in/) for seeking comments from the public and other stakeholderslatest by 01/08/2019.

A copy of the draft Act has also been shared with the States/UTs for seeking their views/comments.

Once finalized the Model Act will be shared with the States/Union Territory (UTs) for adoption.  The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has drafted a ‘Model Tenancy Act’, 2019 which envisages to balance the interest and rights of both the owner and tenant and to create an accountable and transparent ecosystem for renting the premises in disciplined and efficient manner. It will enable creation of adequate rental housing stock for various income segments of society including migrants, formal and informal sector workers, professionals, students etc. and increase access to quality rented accommodation, enable gradual formalization of rental housing market.  It will help overhaul the legal framework vis-à-vis rental housing across the country. It is also expected to give a fillip to private participation in rental housing for addressing the huge housing shortage across the country.

The Draft MTA will also promote growth of rental housing and investment in the sector and promote entrepreneurial opportunities and innovative mechanism of sharing of space.This MTA will be applicable prospectively and will not affect the existing tenancies.As per Census 2011, nearly 1.1 crore houses were lying vacant in the country and making these houses available on rent will complement the vision of ‘Housing for All’ by 2022. The existing rent control laws are restricting the growth of rental housing and discourage the owners from renting out their vacant houses due to fear of repossession. One of the potential measures to unlock the vacant house is to bringing transparency and accountability in the existing system of renting of premises and to balance the interests of both the property owner and tenant in a judicious manner.
 



Read Full PDF of Draft

The Model Tenancy Act, 2019

July 10, 2019


Indian Penal Code Sections.

Section1. (Introduction) Title and extant of operation of the Code
Section 2. (Introduction) Punishment of offences committed within India
Section 3. (Introduction) Punishment of offences committed beyond, but which by law may be tried within, India
Section 4.(Introduction) Extension of Code to extra-territorial offences
Section 5.(Introduction) Certain laws not to be affected by this Act
Section 6.(General explanations) Definitions in the Code to be understood subject to exceptions
Section 7.(General explanations) Sense of expression once explained
Section 8.(General explanations) Gender
Section 9.(General explanations) Number
Section 10.(General explanations) Man, Woman
Section 11.(General explanations) Person
Section 12.(General explanations) Public
Section 13.(General explanations) Queen
Section 14. (General explanations)Servant of Government
Section 15. (General explanations)British India
Section 16. (General explanations)Government of India
Section 17. (General explanations)Government
Section 18.(General explanations) India
Section 19.(General explanations) Judge
Section 20.(General explanations) Court of Justice
Section 21. (General explanations)Public Servant
Section 22.(General explanations)Moveable property
Section 23.(General explanations) Wrongful gain
Section 24.(General explanations) Dishonestly
Section 25. (General explanations)Fraudulently
Section 26.(General explanations) Reason to believe
Section 27.(General explanations) Property in possession of wife, clerk or servant
Section 28.(General explanations)Counterfeit
Section 29.(General explanations)Document
Section 29A.(General explanations)Electronic record
Section 30. (General explanations)Valuable security
Section 31.(General explanations) A will
Section 32.(General explanations) Words referring to acts include illegal omissions
Section 33.(General explanations) Act Omission
Section 34.(General explanations) Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention
Section 35.(General explanations) When such an act is criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention
Section 36.(General explanations) Effect caused partly by act and partly by omission
Section 37.(General explanations) Co-operation by doing one of several acts constituting an offence
Section 38.(General explanations) Persons concerned in criminal act may be guilty of different offences
Section 39.(General explanations) Voluntarily
Section 40.(General explanations). Offence
Section 41.(General explanations). Special law
Section 42. (General explanations)Local law
Section 43.(General explanations) Illegal, Legally bound to do
Section 44.(General explanations) Injury
Section 45.(General explanations) Life
Section 46. (General explanations)Death
Section 47.(General explanations) Animal
Section 48.(General explanations) Vessel
Section 49.(General explanations) Year, Month
Section 50.(General explanations) Section
Section 51. (General explanations)Oath
Section 52. (General explanations)Good faith
Section 52A. (General explanations) Harbour
Section 53. Punishment
Section 53A. Construction of reference to transportation
Section 54. Commutation of sentence of death
Section 55. Commutation of sentence of imprisonment for life
Section 55A. Definition of appropriate Government
Section 56. Sentence of Europeans and Americans to penal servitude.
Section 57. Fractions of terms of punishment
Section 58. Offenders sentenced to transportation how dealt with until transported
Section 59. Transportation instead of imprisonment.
Section 60. Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple
Section 61. Sentence of forfeiture of property
Section 62. Forfeiture of property, in respect of offenders punishable with death, transportation or imprisonment
Section 63. Amount of fine
Section 64. Sentence of imprisonment for non-payment of fine
Section 65. Limit to imprisonment for non-payment of fine, when imprisonment and fine awardable
Section 66. Description of imprisonment for non-payment of fine
Section 67. Imprisonment for non-payment of fine when offence punishable with fine only
Section 68. Imprisonment to terminate on payment of fine
Section 69. Termination of imprisonment on payment of proportional part of fine
Section 70. Fine levied within six years, or during imprisonment- Death not to discharge property from liability
Section 71. Limit of punishment of offence made up of several offences
Section 72. Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that it is doubtful of which
Section 73. Solitary confinement
Section 74. Limit of solitary confinement
Section 75. Enhanced punishment for certain offences under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII after previous conviction
Section 76. Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law
Section 77. Act of Judge when acting judicially
Section 78. Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court
Section 79. Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law
Section 80. Accident in doing a lawful act
Section 81. Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent, and to prevent other harm
Section 82. Act of a child under seven years of age
Section 83. Act of a child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding
Section 84. Act of a person of unsound mind
Section 85. Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will
Section 86. Offence requiring a particular intent of knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated
Section 87. Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent
Section 88. Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person’s benefit.
Section 89. Act done in good faith for benefit of child or insane person, by or by consent of guardian
Section 90. Consent known to be given under fear or misconception
Section 91. Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused
Section 92. Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent
Section 93. Communication made in good faith
Section 94. Act to which a person is compelled by threats
Section 95. Act causing slight harm
Section 96. Things done in private defence
Section 97. Right of private defence of the body and of property
Section 98. Right of private defence against the act of a person of unsound mind, etc.
Section 99. Act against which there is no right of private defence
Section 100. When the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death
Section 101. When such right extends to causing any harm other than death
Section 102. Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body
Section 103. When the right of private defence of property extends to causing death
Section 104. When such right extends to causing any harm other than death
Section 105. Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property
Section 106. Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person
Section 107. Abetment of a thing
Section 108. Abettor
Section 108A. Abetment in India of offences outside India
Section 109. Punishment of abetment if the act abetted is committed in consequence, and where no express provision is made for its punishment
Section 110. Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from that of abettor
Section 111. Liability of abettor when one act abetted and different act done
Section 112. Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done
Section 113. Liability of abettor for an effect caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor
Section 114. Abettor present when offence is committed
Section 115. Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life-if offence not committed
Section 116. Abetment of offence punishable with imprisonment-if offence be not committed
Section 117. Abetting commission of offence by the public or by more than ten persons
Section 118. Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life
Section 119. Public servant concealing design to commit offence which it is his duty to prevent
Section 120. Concealing design to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
Section 120A. Definition of criminal conspiracy.
Section 120B. Punishment of criminal conspiracy
Section 121. Waging, or attempting to wage war, or abetting waging of war, against the Government of India
Section 121A. Conspiracy to commit offences punishable by section 121
Section 122. Collecting arms, etc., with intention of waging war against the Government of India
Section 123. Concealing with intent to facilitate design to wage war
Section 124. Assaulting President, Governor, etc., with intent to compel or restrain the exercise of any lawful power
Section 124A. Sedition
Section 125. Waging war against any Asiatic Power in alliance with the Government of India.
Section 126. Committing depredation on territories of Power at peace with the Government of India
Section 127. Receiving Property taken by war on depredation mention in Sections 125 and 126
Section 128. Public servant voluntary allowing prisoner of State or war to escape
Section 129. Public servant negligently suffering such prisoner to escape
Section 130. Aiding escape of, rescuing or harbouring such prisoner
Section 131. Abetting mutiny, or attempting to seduce a soldier, sailor or airman from his duty
Section 132. Abetment of mutiny, if mutiny is committed in consequence thereof
Section 133. Abetment of assault by soldier, sailor or airman on his superior officer, when in execution of his office
Section 134. Abetment of such assault, if the assault is committed
Section 135. Abetment of desertion of soldier, sailor or airman
Section 136. Harbouring deserter
Section 137. Deserter concealed on board merchant vessel through negligence of master
Section 138. Abetment of act of insubordination by soldier, sailor or airman
Section 138A. Application of foregoing sections to the Indian Marine Service
Section 139. Persons subject to certain Acts
Section 140. Wearing garb or carrying token used by soldier, sailor or airman
Section 141. Unlawful assembly
Section 142. Being member of unlawful assembly
Section 143. Punishment
Section 144. Joining unlawful assembly armed with deadly weapon
Section 145. Joining or continuing in unlawful assembly, knowing it has been commanded to disperse
Section 146. Rioting
Section 147. Punishment for rioting
Section 148. Rioting, armed with deadly weapon
Section 149. Every member of unlawful assembly guilty of offence committed in prosecution of common object
Section 150. Hiring, or conniving at hiring, of persons to join unlawful assembly
Section 151. Knowingly joining or continuing in assembly of five or more persons after it has been commanded to disperse
Section 152. Assaulting or obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc.
Section 153. Wantonly giving provocation with intent to cause riot-if rioting be committed-if not committed
Section 153A. Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony
Section 153AA. Punishment for knowingly carrying arms in any procession or organising, or holding or taking part in any mass drill or mass training with arms
Section 153B. Imputations, assertions prejudicial to national-integration
Section 154. Owner or occupier of land on which an unlawful assembly is held
Section 155. Liability of person for whose benefit riot is committed
Section 156. Liability of agent of owner of occupier for whose benefit riot is committed
Section 157. Harbouring persons hired for an unlawful assembly
Section 158. Being hired to take part in an unlawful assembly or riot
Section 159. Affray
Section 160. Punishment for committing affray
Section 161-165A. Repealed
Section 166. Public servant disobeying law, with intent to cause injury to any person
Section 167. Public servant farming an incorrect document with intent to cause injury
Section 168. Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade
Section 169. Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property
Section 170. Personating a public servant
Section 171. Wearing garb or carrying token used by public servant with fraudulent intent
Section 171A. Candidate, Electoral right defined
Section 171B. Bribery
Section 171C. Undue influence at elections
Section 171D. Personation at elections
Section 171E. Punishment for bribery
Section 171F. Punishment for undue influence or personation at an election
Section 171G. False statement in connection with an election
Section 171H. Illegal payments in connection with an election
Section 171I. Failure to keep election accounts
Section 172. Absconding to avoid service of summons or other proceeding
Section 173. Preventing service of summons or other proceeding, or preventing publication thereof
Section 174. Non-attendance in obedience to an order form public servant
Section 174A. Non-appearance in response to a proclamation under section 82 of Act 2 of 1974
Section 175. Omission to produce document or electronic record to public servant by person legally bound to produce it.
Section 176. Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give it
Section 177. Furnishing false information
Section 178. Refusing oath or affirmation when duly required by public servant to make it
Section 179. Refusing to answer public servant authorised to question
Section 180. Refusing to sign statement
Section 181. False statement on oath or affirmation to public servant or person authorised to administer an oath or affirmation
Section 182. False information, with intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person
Section 183. Resistance to the taking of property by the lawful authority of a public servant
Section 184. Obstructing sale of property offered for sale by authority of public servant
Section 185. Illegal purchase or bid for property offered for sale by authority of public servant
Section 186. Obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions
Section 187. Omission to assist public servant when bound by law to give assistance
Section 188. Disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant
Section 189. Threat of injury to public servant
Section 190. Threat of injury to induce person to refrain from applying for protection to public servant
Section 191. Giving false evidence
Section 192. Fabricating false evidence
Section 193. Punishment for false evidence
Section 194. Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of capital offence
Section 195. Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of offence punishable with imprisonment for life or imprisonment
Section 195A. Threatening any person to give false evidence
Section 196. Using evidence known to be false
Section 197. Issuing or signing false certificate
Section 198. Using as true a certificate known to be false
Section 199. False statement made in declaration which is by law receivable as evidence
Section 200. Using as true such declaration knowing it to be false
Section 201. Causing disappearance of evidence of offence, or giving false information to screen offender
Section 202. Intentional omission to give information of offence by person bound to inform
Section 203. Giving false information respecting an offence committed
Section 204. Destruction of document or electronic record to prevent its production as sevidence
Section 205. False personation for purpose of act or proceeding in suit or prosecution
Section 206. Fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution
Section 207. Fraudulent claim to property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution
Section 208. Fraudulently suffering decree for sum not due
Section 209. Dishonestly making false claim in Court
Section 210. Fraudulently obtaining decree for sum not due
Section 211. False charge of offence made with intent to injure
Section 212. Harbouring offender
Section 213. Taking gift, etc., to screen an offender from punishment
Section 214. Offering gift or restoration of property in consideration of screening offender
Section 215. Taking gift to help to recover stolen property, etc.
Section 216. Harbouring offender who has escaped from custody or whose apprehension has been ordered
Section 216A. Penalty for harbouring robbers or dacoits
Section 216B. Definition of “harbour” in sections 212, 216 and 216A
Section 217. Public servant disobeying direction of law with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture
Section 218. Public servant framing incorrect record or writing with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture
Section 219. Public servant in judicial proceeding corruptly making report, etc., contrary to law
Section 220. Commitment for trial or confinement by person having authority who knows that he is acting contrary to law
Section 221. Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend
Section 222. Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend person under sentence or lawfully committed
Section 223. Escape from confinement or custody negligently suffered by public servant
Section 224. Resistance or obstruction by a person to his lawful apprehension
Section 225. Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension of another person
Section 225A. Omission to apprehend, or sufferance of escape, on part of public servant, in cases not otherwise, provided for
Section 225B. Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension, or escape or rescue in cases not otherwise provided for
Section 226. Unlawful return from transportation
Section 227. Violation of condition of remission of punishment
Section 228. Intentional insult or interruption to public servant sitting in judicial proceeding
Section 228A. Disclosure of identity of the victim of certain offences etc
Section 229. Personation of a juror or assessor
Section 229A. Failure by person released on bail or bond to appear in Court
Section 230. Coin defined
Section 231. Counterfeiting coin
Section 232. Counterfeiting Indian coin
Section 233. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting coin
Section 234. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Indian coin
Section 235. Possession of instrument, or material for the purpose of using the same for counterfeiting coin
Section 236. Abetting in India the counterfeiting out of India of coin
Section 237. Import or export of counterfeit coin
Section 238. Import or export of counterfeits of the India coin
Section 239. Delivery of coin, possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit
Section 240. Delivery of Indian coin, possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit
Section 241. Delivery of coin as genuine, which, when first possessed, the deliverer did not know to be counterfeit
Section 242. Possession of counterfeit coin by person who knew it to be counterfeit when he became possessed thereof
Section 243. Possession of Indian coin by person who knew it to be counterfeit when he became possessed thereof
Section 244. Person employed in mint causing coin to be of different weight or composition from that fixed by law
Section 245. Unlawfully taking coining instrument from mint
Section 246. Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of coin
Section 247. Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of Indian coin
Section 248. Altering appearance of coin with intent that it shall pass as coin of different description
Section 249. Altering appearance of Indian coin with intent that it shall pass as coin of different description
Section 250. Delivery of coin, possessed with knowledge that it is altered
Section 251. Delivery of Indian coin, possessed with knowledge that it is altered
Section 252. Possession of coin by person who knew it to be altered when he became possessed thereof
Section 253. Possession of Indian coin by person who knew it to be altered when he became possessed thereof
Section 254. Delivery of coin as genuine, which, when first possessed, the deliverer did not know to be altered
Section 255. Counterfeiting Government stamp
Section 256. Having possession of instrument or material for counterfeiting Government stamp
Section 257. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Government stamp
Section 259. Having possession of counterfeit Government stamp
Section 260. Using as genuine a Government stamp known to be a counterfeit
Section 261. Effacing, writing from substance bearing Government stamp, or removing from document a stamp used for it, with intent to cause loss to Government
Section 262. Using Government stamp known to have been before used
Section 263. Erasure of mark denoting that stamp has been used
Section 263A. Prohibition of fictitious stamps
Section 264. Fraudulent use of false instrument for weighing
Section 265. Fraudulent use of false weight or measure
Section 266. Being in possession of false weight or measure
Section 267. Making or selling false weight or measure
Section 268. Public nuisance
Section 269. Negligent act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life
Section 270. Malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life
Section 271. Disobedience to quarantine rule
Section 272. Adulteration of food or drink intended for sale
Section 273. Sale of noxious food or drink
Section 274. Adulteration of drugs
Section 275. Sale of adulterated drugs
Section 276. Sale of drug as a different drug or preparation
Section 277. Fouling water of public spring or reservoir
Section 278. Making atmosphere noxious to health
Section 279. Rash driving or riding on a public way
Section 279. Rash driving or riding on a public way
Section 280. Rash navigation of vessel
Section 281. Exhibition of false light, mark or buoy
Section 282. Conveying person by water for hire in unsafe or overloaded vessel
Section 283. Danger or obstruction in public way or line of navigation
Section 284. Negligent conduct with respect to poisonous substance
Section 285. Negligent conduct with respect to fire or combustible matter
Section 286. Negligent conduct with respect to explosive substance
Section 287. Negligent conduct with respect to machinery
Section 288. Negligent conduct with respect to pulling down or repairing buildings
Section 289. Negligent conduct with respect to animal
Section 290. Punishment for public nuisance in cases not otherwise provided for
Section 291. Continuance of nuisance after injunction to discontinue
Section 292. Sale, etc., or obscene books, etc
Section 293. Sale, etc., of obscene objects to young person
Section 294. Obscene acts and songs
Section 294A. Keeping lottery office
Section 295. Injuring or defiling place of worship with intent to insult the religion of any class
Section 295A. Deliberate and malicious acts, intended to outrage religious feelings or any class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs
Section 296. Disturbing religious assembly
Section 297. Trespassing on burial places, etc.
Section 298. Uttering, words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound the religious feelings of any person
Section 299. Culpable homicide
Section 300. Murder
Section 301. Culpable homicide by causing death of person other than person whose death was intended
Section 302. Punishment for murder
Section 303. Punishment for murder by life-convict
Section 304. Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder
Section 304A. Causing death by negligence
Section 304B. Dowery death
Section 305. Abetment of suicide of child or insane person
Section 306. Abetment of suicide
Section 307. Attempt to murder
Section 308. Attempt to commit culpable homicide
Section 309. Attempt to commit suicide
Section 310. Thug
Section 311. Punishment
Section 312. Causing miscarriage
Section 313. Causing miscarriage without woman’s consent
Section 314. Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage-
Section 315. Act done with intent to prevent child being born alive or to cause it to die after birth
Section 316. Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to culpable homicide
Section 317. Exposure and abandonment of child under twelve years, by parent or person having care of it.
Section 318. Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body.
Section 319. Hurt.
Section 320. Grievous hurt.
Section 321. Voluntarily causing hurt.
Section 322. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt
Section 323. Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt
Section 324. Voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means
Section 325. Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt
Section 326. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means
Section 326A. Acid Attack.
Section 326B. Attempt to Acid Attack.
Section 327. Voluntarily causing hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act
Section 328. Causing hurt by means of poison, etc., with intent to commit an offence
Section 329. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act
Section 330. Voluntarily causing hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property
Section 331. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property
Section 332. Voluntarily causing hurt to deter public servant from his duty
Section 333. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to deter public servant from his duty
Section 334. Voluntarily causing hurt on provocation
Section 335. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt on provocation
Section 336. Act endangering life or personal safety of others
Section 337. Causing hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others
Section 338. Causing grievous hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others
Section 339. Wrongful restraint
Section 340. Wrongful confinement.
Section 341. Punishment for wrongful restraint
Section 342. Punishment for wrongful Confinement
Section 343. Wrongful confinement for three or more days
Section 344. Wrongful confinement for ten or more days
Section 345. Wrongful confinement of person for whose liberation writ has been issued
Section 346. Wrongful confinement in secret
Section 347. Wrongful confinement to extort property, or constrain to illegal act
Section 348. Wrongful confinement to extort confession, or compel restoration of property
Section 349. Force
Section 350. Criminal force
Section 351. Assault
Section 352. Punishment for assault or criminal force otherwise than on grave provocation
Section 353. Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty
Section 354. Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty
Section 354A. Sexual harassment.
Section 354B. Act with intendent to disrobe a woman
Section 354C. Voyevrism
Section 354D. Stalking
Section 355. Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonour person, otherwise than on grave provocation
Section 356. Assault or criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property carried by a person
Section 357. Assault or criminal force in attempt wrongfully to confine a person
Section 358. Assault or criminal force on grave provocation
Section 359. Kidnapping
Section 360. Kidnapping from India
Section 361. Kidnapping from lawful guardianship
Section 362. Abduction
Section 363. Punishment for kidnapping
Section 363A. Kidnapping or maiming a minor for purposes of begging
Section 364. Kidnapping or abducting in order to murder
Section 364A. Kidnapping for ransom, etc.
Section 365. Kidnapping or abducting with intent secretly and wrongfully to confine person
Section 366. Kidnapping, abducting or inducing woman to compel her marriage, etc.
Section 366A. Procreation of minor girl
Section 366B. Importation of girl from foreign country
Section 367. Kidnapping or abducting in order to subject person to grievous hurt, slavery, etc.
Section 368. Wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement, kidnapped or abducted person
Section 369. Kidnapping or abducting child under ten years with intent to steal from its person
Section 370. Substitution of new sections 370 and 370A for section 370.
Section 371. Habitual dealing in slaves
Section 372. Selling minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.
Section 373. Buying minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.
Section 374. Unlawful compulsory labour
Section 375. Rape
Section 376. Punishment for rape
Section 376A. Intercourse by a man with his wife during separation
Section 376B. Intercourse by public servant with woman is his custody
Section 376C. Intercourse by superintendent of jail, remand home, etc.
Section 376D. Intercourse by any member of the management or staff of a hospital with any woman in that hospital
Section 377. Unnatural offences
Section 378. Theft
Section 379. Punishment for theft
Section 380. Theft in dwelling house, etc
Section 382. Theft after preparation made for causing death, hurt or restraint in order to the committing of the theft
Section 383. Extortion
Section 384. Punishment for extortion
Section 385. Putting person in fear of injury in order to commit extortion
Section 386. Extortion by putting a person in fear of death or grievous hurt
Section 387. Putting person in fear of death or of grievous hurt, in order to commit extortion
Section 388. Extortion by threat of accusation of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, etc.
Section 389. Putting person in fear of accusation of offence, in order to commit extortion
Section 390. Robbery
Section 391. Dacoity
Section 392. Punishment for robbery
Section 393. Attempt to commit robbery
Section 394. Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery
Section 395. Punishment for dacoity
Section 396. Dacoity with murder
Section 397. Robbery, or dacoity, with attempt to cause death or grievous hurt
Section 398. Attempt to commit robbery or dacoity when armed with deadly weapon
Section 399. Making preparation to commit dacoity
Section 400. Punishment for belonging to gang of dacoits
Section 401. Punishment for belonging to gang of thieves
Section 402. Assembling for purpose of committing dacoity
Section 403. Dishonest misappropriation of property
Section 404. Dishonest misappropriation of property possessed by deceased person at the time of his death
Section 405. Criminal breach of trust
Section 406. Punishment for criminal breach of trust
Section 407. Criminal breach of trust by carrier, etc.
Section 408. Criminal breach of trust by clerk or servant
Section 409. Criminal breach of trust by public servant, or by banker, merchant or agent
Section 410. Stolen Property
Section 411. Dishonestly receiving stolen property
Section 412. Dishonestly receiving property stolen in the commission of a dacoity
Section 413. Habitually dealing in stolen property
Section 414. Assisting in concealment of stolen property
Section 415. Cheating
Section 416. Cheating by personation
Section 417. Punishment for cheating
Section 418. Cheating with knowledge that wrongful loss may ensue to person whose interest offender is bound to protect
Section 419. Punishment for cheating by personation
Section 420. Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property
Section 421. Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent distribution among creditors
Section 422. Dishonestly or fraudulently preventing debt being available for creditors
Section 423. Dishonest or fraudulent execution of deed of transfer containing false statement of consideration
Section 424. Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property
Section 425. Mischief
Section 426. Punished for mischief
Section 427. Mischief causing damage to the amount of fifty rupees
Section 428. Mischief by killing or maiming animal of the value of ten rupees
Section 429. Mischief by killing or maiming cattle, etc., of any value or any animal of the value of fifty rupees
Section 430. Mischief by injury to works of irrigation or by wrongfully diverting water
Section 431. Mischief by injury to public road, bridge, river or channel
Section 432. Mischief by causing inundation or obstruction to public drainage attended with damage
Section 433. Mischief by destroying, moving or rendering less useful a light-house or sea-mark
Section 434. Mischief by destroying or moving, etc., a land- mark fixed by public authority
Section 435. Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to cause damage to amount of one hundred or (in case of agricultural produce) ten rupees
Section 436. Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to destroy house, etc.
Section 437. Mischief with intent to destroy or make unsafe a decked vessel or one of twenty tons burden
Section 438. Punishment for the mischief described in section 437 committed by fire or explosive substance
Section 439. Punishment for intentionally running vessel aground or ashore with intent to commit theft, etc
Section 440. Mischief committed after preparation made for causing death or hurt
Section 441. Criminal trespass
Section 442. House trespass
Section 443. Lurking house-trespass
Section 444. Lurking house-trespass by night
Section 445. Housing breaking
Section 446. House-breaking by night
Section 447. Punishment for criminal trespass
Section 448. Punishment for house-trespass
Section 449. House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with death
Section 450. House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment for life
Section 451. House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
Section 452. House-trespass after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint
Section 453. Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking
Section 454. Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
Section 455. Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint
Section 456. Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night
Section 457. Lurking house trespass or house-breaking by night in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
Section 458. Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night after preparation for hurt, assault, or wrongful restraint
Section 459. Grievous hurt caused whilst committing lurking house trespass or house-breaking
Section 460. All persons jointly concerned in lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night punishable where death or grievous hurt caused by one of them
Section 461. Dishonestly breaking open receptacle containing property
Section 462. Punishment for same offence when committed by person entrusted with custody
Section 463. Forgery
Section 464. Making a false document
Section 465. Punishment for forgery
Section 466. Forgery of record of court or of public register, etc.
Section 467. Forgery of valuable security, will, etc.
Section 468. Forgery for purpose of cheating
Section 469. Forgery for purpose of harming reputation
Section 470. Forged document or electronic record
Section 471. Using as genuine a forged document or electronic record
Section 472. Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable under section 467
Section 473. Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable otherwise
Section 474. Having possession of document described in Section 466 or 467, knowing it to be forged and intending to use it as genuine
Section 475. Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents described in Section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material
Section 476. Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents other than those described in section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material
Section 477. Fraudulent cancellation, destruction, etc., of will, authority to adopt, or valuable security
Section 477A. Falsification of accounts
Section 478. Trade marks
Section 479. Property mark
Section 480. Using a false trade mark
Section 481. Using a false property mark
Section 482. Punishment for using a false property mark
Section 483. Counterfeiting a property mark used by another
Section 484. Counterfeiting a mark used by a public servant
Section 485. Making or possession of any instrument for counterfeiting a property mark
Section 486. Selling goods marked with a counterfeit property mark
Section 487. Making a false mark upon any receptacle containing goods
Section 488. Punishment for making use of any such false mark
Section 489. Tampering with property mark with intent to cause injury
Section 489A. Counterfeiting currency-notes or bank-notes
Section 489B. Using as genuine, forged or counterfeit currency-notes or bank-notes
Section 489C. Possession of forged or counterfeit currency-notes or bank-notes
Section 489D. Making or possessing instruments or materials for forgoing or counterfeiting currency-notes or bank-notes
Section 489E. Making or using documents resembling currency-notes or bank-notes
Section 490. Breach of contract of service during voyage or journey
Section 491. Breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person
Section 492. Breach of contract to serve at distant place to which servant is conveyed at master’s expense
Section 493. Cohabitation caused by a man deceitfully inducing a belief of lawful marriage
Section 494. Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife
Section 495. Same offence with concealment of former marriage from person with whom subsequent marriage is contracted
Section 496. Marriage ceremony fraudulently gone through without lawful marriage
Section 497. Adultery
Section 498. Enticing or taking away or detaining with criminal intent a married woman
Section 499. Defamation
Section 500. Punishment for defamation
Section 501. Printing or engraving matter known to be defamatory
Section 502. Sale of printed or engraved substance containing defamatory matter
Section 503. Criminal intimidation
Section 504. Intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of the peace
Section 505. Statements conducing to public mischief
Section 506. Punishment for criminal intimidation
Section 507. Criminal intimidation by an anonymous communication
Section 508. Act caused by inducing person to believe that he will be rendered an object of the Divine displeasure
Section 509. Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman
Section 510. Misconduct in public by a drunken person
Section 511. Punishment for attempting to commit offences punishable with imprisonment for life or other imprisonment